לְאַכְשׁוֹרֵי גַּבְרָא לָא קָמִיבַּעְיָא לַן, כִּי קָמִיבַּעְיָא לַן לְאַכְשׁוֹרֵי פֵּירָא, מַאי? תָּא שְׁמַע: פּוֹעֲלִין אוֹכְלִין עֲנָבִים בְּרָאשֵׁי אוּמָּנִיּוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶם, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהַבְהֲבוּ בָּאוּר!
The Gemara refutes this proof: We did not raise the difficulty with regard to the fitness of the man himself to eat, as it is obvious that one may act in advance so that he will be able to eat a great deal. When this dilemma was raised to us, it was with regard to the fitness of the produce for eating. May they be prepared by singeing? What, then, is the halakha? The Gemara offers another suggestion: Come and hear a proof from a baraita: Laborers may eat grapes at the end of their rows of vines, provided that they do not singe the grapes in fire.
הָתָם מִשּׁוּם בִּיטּוּל מְלָאכָה, כִּי קָא מִיבַּעְיָא לַן, הֵיכָא דְּאִיכָּא אִשְׁתּוֹ וּבָנָיו, מַאי?
The Gemara rejects this claim: This affords no proof, as the prohibition there is not because of his use of the fire but due to his neglect of his labor, as he has no right to busy himself with other matters during his work time. When the dilemma is raised to us, it is with regard to a case where he does not have to stop his work, e.g., when he has his wife and children with him, who can singe the fruit for him without him having to pause in his labor. What is the halakha in a case of this kind?
תָּא שְׁמַע: לֹא יְהַבְהֵב בָּאוּר וְיֹאכַל, וְלֹא יִכְמוֹר בַּאֲדָמָה וְיֹאכַל, וְלֹא יַפְרִיךְ עַל גַּבֵּי הַסֶּלַע וְיֹאכַל, אֲבָל מְפָרֵיךְ עַל יָד עַל יָד וְאוֹכֵל. הָתָם מִשּׁוּם בִּיטּוּל מְלָאכָה. הָכִי נָמֵי מִסְתַּבְּרָא, דְּאִי סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ מִשּׁוּם מַתּוֹקֵי פֵּירָא – סֶלַע מַאי מַתּוֹקֵי פֵּירָא אִיכָּא? אִי אֶפְשָׁר דְּלָא מְמַתֵּיק פּוּרְתָּא.
The Gemara again suggests: Come and hear a proof from a baraita: A laborer may not singe produce in fire and eat, and he may not heat produce in the ground and eat, and he may not break produce on rocks and eat, but he may break it little by little and eat. Once again, the Gemara refutes the proof: There too, the reason is due to his neglect of his labor. The Gemara comments: So too, it is reasonable that this is the case. As, if it enters your mind that it is prohibited due to his sweetening of the produce, what sweetening of the produce is there in his use of a rock? The Gemara responds: This is not a conclusive argument, as it is impossible that the produce would not be sweetened a little.
תָּא שְׁמַע: פּוֹעֲלִין שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹדְרִים בִּתְאֵנִים וְגוֹדְרִים בִּתְמָרִים וּבוֹצְרִים בַּעֲנָבִים וּמוֹסְקִין בְּזֵיתִים – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ אוֹכְלִים, וּפְטוּרִים, שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה זִיכְּתָה לָהֶם. בְּפִיתָּם לֹא יֹאכְלוּ, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן נָטְלוּ רְשׁוּת מִבַּעַל הַבַּיִת. וְלֹא יִסְפּוֹת בַּמֶּלַח וְיֹאכַל!
The Gemara further suggests: Come and hear a proof from a baraita: With regard to laborers who were plucking figs, or plucking dates, or harvesting grapes, or harvesting olives, they may eat and they are exempt from separating tithes, as the Torah entitled them to eat. Nevertheless, they may not eat these fruits together with their bread unless they received permission from the homeowner. Similarly, one may not dip [lo yispot] these fruits in salt and eat. This indicates that it is prohibited to sweeten the fruit.
מֶלַח וַדַּאי כַּעֲנָבִים וְדָבָר אַחֵר דָּמֵי.
The Gemara rejects this proof as well: Salt is certainly considered like grapes and something else, as one is adding an ingredient, which is undoubtedly prohibited. By contrast, one who singes produce in fire has not added anything, and therefore it is possible that this practice is permitted. Consequently, the Gemara’s question is left unresolved.
וְלֹא יִסְפּוֹת בַּמֶּלַח וְיֹאכַל. וּרְמִינְהוּ: הַשּׂוֹכֵר אֶת הַפּוֹעֵל לְעַדֵּר וּלְקַשְׁקֵשׁ תַּחַת הַזֵּיתִים – הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יֹאכַל, שְׂכָרוֹ לִבְצוֹר שְׂכָרוֹ לִמְסוֹק שְׂכָרוֹ לְלַקֵּט – הֲרֵי זֶה אוֹכֵל וּפָטוּר, שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה זִיכְּתָה לָהֶן. קָצַץ אַחַת וְאַחַת – יֹאכַל, שְׁתַּיִם שְׁתַּיִם – לֹא יֹאכַל, וְסוֹפֵת בַּמֶּלַח וְיֹאכַל.
§ The baraita mentioned earlier taught: And he may not dip these fruits in salt and eat. And the Gemara raises a contradiction to this from a baraita: In the case of one who hires a laborer to till and dig a circle under olives, this one may not eat from the olives. But if he hired him to harvest grapes, or hired him to harvest olives, or hired him to gather any other fruit, this one may eat and he is exempt from separating tithes, as the Torah entitled these laborers to eat. In a case where he stipulated with the owner beforehand that he may eat even when he is not entitled to do so by Torah law, if he eats the fruit one by one, he may eat without separating tithes, but if he consumes two by two he may not eat without separating tithes. And he may dip these fruits in salt and eat.
אַהֵיָיא? אִילֵּימָא אַסֵּיפָא – כֵּיוָן דְּקָצַץ, כֹּל הֵיכִי דְּבָעֵי לֵיכוֹל, אֶלָּא לָאו אַרֵישָׁא!
The Gemara analyzes this last statement: To which section of the baraita is this referring? If we say that it is referring to the latter clause, in which the laborer had an agreement with the owner, it is superfluous: Since the laborer stipulated that he may eat in any manner he wishes, he may certainly eat with salt. Rather, is it not referring to the first clause of the baraita, concerning a laborer who eats by Torah law? This would prove that a laborer may dip fruit in salt without separating tithes.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לָא קַשְׁיָא. כָּאן – בָּאָרֶץ, כָּאן – בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. בָּאָרֶץ קָבְעָא סְפִיתָא, בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לָא קְבַעָא סְפֵיתָא. אָמַר רָבָא: מִי אִיכָּא מִידֵּי דְּבָאָרֶץ קְבַעָא סְפֵיתָא מִדְּאוֹרָיְיתָא, וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לֹא קִבְעָא סְפֵיתָא, וּמוּתָּר לְכַתְּחִילָּה?!
Abaye said: This is not difficult, as here it is prohibited because he is in Eretz Yisrael, whereas there he is outside of Eretz Yisrael. The reason for the difference is as follows: In Eretz Yisrael, dipping fruit in salt establishes his consumption as a fixed meal, which renders the fruit subject to tithes. Outside of Eretz Yisrael, by contrast, dipping fruit in salt does not establish his consumption as a meal, as the mitzva of tithes does not apply outside of Eretz Yisrael by Torah law. Rava said: Is there any produce with regard to which the halakha is that in Eretz Yisrael dipping establishes it as a meal by Torah law, and yet outside Eretz Yisrael dipping does not establish it as a meal and it is even permitted ab initio? It cannot be that there is such a great difference between these places, as the enactments of the Sages are modeled on Torah law.
אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא: בֵּין בָּאָרֶץ בֵּין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, חֲדָא לָא – קִבְעָא סְפֵיתָא, תַּרְתֵּי – קְבַעָא סְפֵיתָא. קָצַץ: בֵּין סָפַת וּבֵין לֹא סָפַת, אַחַת אַחַת – אוֹכֵל, שְׁתַּיִם שְׁתַּיִם – לֹא יֹאכַל. לֹא קָצַץ וְלֹא סָפַת – אוֹכֵל שְׁתַּיִם שְׁתַּיִם, סָפַת: אַחַת אַחַת – אוֹכֵל, שְׁתַּיִם שְׁתַּיִם – לֹא יֹאכַל, וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּנָטַל רְשׁוּת מִבַּעַל הַבַּיִת, דְּאִיטְּבִיל לְהוּ לְמַעֲשֵׂר וְקָבְעָא סְפִיתָא.
Rather, Rava rejected Abaye’s answer and stated a different resolution: Whether in Eretz Yisrael or outside of Eretz Yisrael, if he ate one fruit, its dipping in salt does not establish it as anything more than a casual meal, but if he ate two, dipping in salt does establish it as a meal. Therefore, in a case where he stipulated that he may eat, whether he dipped in salt or did not dip in salt, he may eat one by one, but he may not eat two by two. If he did not stipulate and did not dip in salt, he may eat two by two. If he dips in salt he may eat one by one, but he may not eat two by two, even though he received permission to eat two at a time from the homeowner. The reason is that they have already been rendered untithed produce with regard to tithes, because the dipping established them as ready for tithing. Consequently, the laborer may not partake of them until he has separated tithes.
וְתַרְתֵּי דְּקָבְעָא סְפִיתָא מְנָא לַן? אָמַר רַב מַתְנָא, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״כִּי קִבְּצָם כֶּעָמִיר גֹּרְנָה״.
The Gemara asks: And from where do we derive this halakha that with regard to eating fruit two at a time, dipping in salt establishes that they are subject to tithes? Rav Mattana said that it is as the verse states: “For He has gathered them as the sheaves to the threshing-floor” (Micah 4:12). This verse shows that one who gathers items together, an act that involves at least two items, is considered to have brought them into his granary. Consequently, if he also dips them in salt he has established his consumption as a fixed meal, which means that he must separate tithes.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: פָּרוֹת הַמְרַכְּסוֹת בִּתְבוּאָה,
The Sages taught: In the case of cows that tread on produce for which the work has been completed but which is threshed again in this manner as part of its preparation into food,