כׇּל יְמֵי גְּרִיד – אֶחָד. כׇּל יְמֵי רְבִיעָה – אַחַת. לֹא יֹאמַר לוֹ: חֲרוֹשׁ עִמִּי בִּגְרִיד וַאֲנִי אֶחְרוֹשׁ עִמְּךָ בָּרְבִיעָה.
All the dry days during the summer, when it does not rain, are viewed as one period, meaning that if they each agreed to work one day, the dry days are viewed as though they were all exactly equal in length, despite the slight differences between them. Similarly, all the rainy days are treated as one period. But he may not say to him: Plow with me in the dry season and I will plow with you in the rainy season.
רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: יֵשׁ רִבִּית מוּקְדֶּמֶת וְיֵשׁ רִבִּית מְאוּחֶרֶת. כֵּיצַד? נָתַן עֵינָיו לִלְווֹת הֵימֶנּוּ, וְהוּא מְשַׁלֵּחַ לוֹ וְאוֹמֵר: בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁתַּלְוֵנִי – זוֹ הִיא רִבִּית מוּקְדֶּמֶת. לָוָה הֵימֶנּוּ וְהֶחְזִיר לוֹ אֶת מְעוֹתָיו, וְהוּא מְשַׁלֵּחַ לוֹ וְאוֹמֵר: בִּשְׁבִיל מְעוֹתֶיךָ שֶׁהָיוּ בְּטֵילוֹת אֶצְלִי – זוֹ הִיא רִבִּית מְאוּחֶרֶת.
Rabban Gamliel says: There is a case of pre-paid interest, and there is also a case of interest paid later, both of which are prohibited. How so? If he had hopes of borrowing money from him in the future, and he sends him money or a gift and says: I am sending you this gift in order that you will lend to me, this is pre-paid interest. Similarly, if he borrowed money from him and subsequently returned his money, and he later sends a gift to him and says: I am sending you this gift in order to repay you for your money, which was idle with me, preventing you from earning a profit from it, this is interest paid later.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: יֵשׁ רִבִּית דְּבָרִים. לֹא יֹאמַר לוֹ ״דַּע כִּי בָּא אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי מִמָּקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי״.
Rabbi Shimon says: Not only is there interest consisting of payment of money or items, but there is also verbal interest. For example, the borrower may not say to the lender: You should know that so-and-so has come from such and such a place, when he is aware that this information is of significance to his creditor. Since his intention is to provide a benefit to the lender, he has effectively paid him an extra sum for the money he lent him, which constitutes interest.
וְאֵלּוּ עוֹבְרִין בְּלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה: הַמַּלְוֶה וְהַלֹּוֶה וְהֶעָרֵב וְהָעֵדִים. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אַף הַסּוֹפֵר. עוֹבְרִים מִשּׁוּם ״לֹא תִתֵּן״, וּמִשּׁוּם ״אַל תִּקַּח מֵאִתּוֹ״, וּמִשּׁוּם ״לֹא תִהְיֶה לוֹ כְּנוֹשֶׁה״, וּמִשּׁוּם ״לֹא תְשִׂימוּן עָלָיו נֶשֶׁךְ״, וּמִשּׁוּם ״וְלִפְנֵי עִוֵּר לֹא תִתֵּן מִכְשׁוֹל וְיָרֵאתָ מֵּאֱלֹהֶיךָ אֲנִי ה׳״.
And these people violate a prohibition of interest: The lender, and the borrower, and the guarantor, and the witnesses. And the Rabbis say: Also the scribe who writes the promissory note violates this prohibition. These parties to the transaction violate different prohibtions. Some are in violation of: “You shall not give him your money with interest” (Leviticus 25:37), and of: “Do not take from him interest or increase” (Leviticus 25:36), and of: “Do not be to him as a creditor” (Exodus 22:24), and of “Do not place interest upon him” (Exodus 22:24), and of: “And you shall not place a stumbling block before the blind, and you shall fear your God; I am the Lord” (Leviticus 19:14).
גְּמָ׳ תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן לַנּוֹשֶׁה בַּחֲבֵירוֹ מָנֶה, וְאֵינוֹ רָגִיל לְהַקְדִּים לוֹ שָׁלוֹם, שֶׁאָסוּר לְהַקְדִּים לוֹ שָׁלוֹם – תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״נֶשֶׁךְ כׇּל דָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יִשָּׁךְ״ – אֲפִילּוּ דִּיבּוּר אָסוּר.
GEMARA: It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai says: From where is it derived with regard to one who is owed one hundred dinars by another, and the borrower is not accustomed to greeting that lender, that it is prohibited to start greeting him after being granted the loan? The verse states: “Interest of any matter [davar] that is lent with interest” (Deuteronomy 23:20), which can also be read as indicating that even speech [dibbur] can be prohibited as interest.
וְאֵלּוּ עוֹבְרִין, אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: מַלְוֶה עוֹבֵר בְּכוּלָּן. לֹוֶה עוֹבֵר מִשּׁוּם ״לֹא תַשִּׁיךְ לְאָחִיךָ״. ״וּלְאָחִיךָ לֹא תַשִּׁיךְ״, ״וְלִפְנֵי עִוֵּר לֹא תִתֵּן מִכְשׁוֹל״. עָרֵב וְהָעֵדִים אֵין עוֹבְרִין אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם ״לֹא תְשִׂימוּן עָלָיו נֶשֶׁךְ״.
§ The mishna teaches: And these people violate the prohibition of interest. Abaye says: The lender violates all of them, meaning all of the prohibitions listed in the mishna. The borrower violates the prohibition of: “You shall not lend to your brother with interest” (Deuteronomy 23:20), as he enables his brother to lend with interest. And they also violate the prohibition: “You may lend to a gentile with interest, but to your brother you shall not lend with interest” (Deuteronomy 23:21), as well as: “And you shall not place a stumbling block before the blind” (Leviticus 19:14). The guarantor and the witness violate only: “Do not place interest upon him” (Exodus 22:24).
תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: מַלְוֵי רִבִּית יוֹתֵר מִמַּה שֶּׁמַּרְוִיחִים – מַפְסִידִים. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁמְּשִׂימִים מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ חָכָם וְתוֹרָתוֹ אֱמֶת. וְאוֹמְרִין: אִילּוּ הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה רֶיוַח בַּדָּבָר לֹא הָיָה כּוֹתְבוֹ.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon says: Those who lend with interest lose more than they gain, as they will eventually be punished by God. Moreover, a loan of this kind desecrates the name of Heaven, as they cause it to seem that Moses our teacher is a scholar and his Torah is true. This is a euphemism; Rabbi Shimon means that their actions make a mockery of Moses and his Torah. And this is because they say: Had Moses our teacher known that there was a profit involved in the matter, he would not have written it as a prohibition. Not only do they violate a mitzva but they also belittle the Torah.
כִּי אֲתָא רַב דִּימִי אָמַר: מִנַּיִן לַנּוֹשֶׁה בַּחֲבֵירוֹ מָנֶה, וְיוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאֵין לוֹ, שֶׁאָסוּר לַעֲבוֹר לְפָנָיו – תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״לֹא תִהְיֶה לוֹ כְּנֹשֶׁה״.
§ The Gemara cites further statements with regard to loans in general. When Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael, he said: From where is it derived that with regard to one who is owed one hundred dinars by another and knows that the borrower does not have the funds to repay him, that it is prohibited for him to pass before the borrower, so as not to embarrass the borrower and cause him discomfort? The verse states: “Do not be to him as a creditor” (Exodus 22:24). Even if he does not claim the debt from the borrower, his presence reminds the latter of the debt, which distresses him.
רַבִּי אַמֵּי וְרַבִּי אַסִּי דְאָמְרִי תַּרְוַיְיהוּ כְּאִילּוּ דָּנוֹ בִּשְׁנֵי דִּינִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הִרְכַּבְתָּ אֱנוֹשׁ לְרֹאשֵׁנוּ בָּאנוּ בָאֵשׁ וּבַמַּיִם״.
Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi both say that if one upsets another in this way, it is as though he sentences him to two types of punishments, as it is stated: “You have caused men to ride over our heads; we went through fire and through water” (Psalms 66:12). As the one in control, a creditor is regarded as though he had brought the debtor through fire and water.
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: כָּל מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מָעוֹת וּמַלְוֶה אוֹתָן שֶׁלֹּא בְּעֵדִים – עוֹבֵר מִשּׁוּם ״וְלִפְנֵי עִוֵּר לֹא תִתֵּן מִכְשֹׁל״. וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר: גּוֹרֵם קְלָלָה לְעַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״תֵּאָלַמְנָה שִׂפְתֵי שָׁקֶר הַדּוֹבְרוֹת עַל צַדִּיק עָתָק״.
§ Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: Whoever has money and lends it not in the presence of witnesses violates the prohibition of: “And you shall not place a stumbling block before the blind” (Leviticus 19:14), as this tempts the borrower not to repay his debt. And Reish Lakish says: He brings a curse upon himself, as it is stated: “Let the lying lips be dumb, which speak arrogantly against the righteous, with pride and contempt” (Psalms 31:19), as when the lender comes to claim his money without any proof, people will think he is falsely accusing the borrower, and they will end up cursing him.
אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ רַבָּנַן לְרַב אָשֵׁי: קָא מְקַיֵּים רָבִינָא כֹּל מָה דַּאֲמוּר רַבָּנַן. שְׁלַח לֵיהּ בַּהֲדֵי פַּנְיָא דְּמַעֲלֵי שַׁבְּתָא: לִישַׁדַּר לִי מָר עַשְׂרָה זוּזֵי דְּאִתְרְמִי לִי קַטִּינָא דְּאַרְעָא לְמִזְבַּן. שְׁלַח לֵיהּ: נַיְתֵי מָר סָהֲדֵי וְנִכְתֹּב כְּתָבָא. שְׁלַח לֵיהּ: אֲפִילּוּ אֲנָא נָמֵי? שְׁלַח לֵיהּ: כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן מָר דִּטְרִיד בְּגִירְסֵיהּ מִשְׁתְּלֵי וְגוֹרֵם קְלָלָה לְעַצְמוֹ.
The Gemara cites a related incident: The Sages said to Rav Ashi: Ravina fulfills all of the directives that the Sages say. Seeking to test him, Rav Ashi sent a messenger to him close to sunset on the eve of Shabbat, at the busiest time of the week, with the following request: Let the Master send me ten dinars as a loan, as I have happened upon a small piece of land for an acquisition and I need the money. Ravina sent a message to him: Let the Master bring witnesses and we will write a written document for this loan. Rav Ashi sent a message to him: Even I, as well? Do you suspect even me of shirking payment? Ravina sent a message to him: All the more so it is necessary to document a loan to the Master, who is occupied with his studies and therefore very likely to forget, and I will thereby bring a curse upon myself.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁלֹשָׁה צוֹעֲקִין וְאֵינָן נַעֲנִין, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מָעוֹת וּמַלְוֶה אוֹתָן שֶׁלֹּא בְּעֵדִים, וְהַקּוֹנֶה אָדוֹן לְעַצְמוֹ, וּמִי שֶׁאִשְׁתּוֹ מוֹשֶׁלֶת עָלָיו.
The Sages taught in a baraita: There are three who cry out and are not answered, as they are responsible for their own troubles. And they are: One who has money and lends it not in the presence of witnesses, and one who acquires a master for himself, and one whose wife rules over him.
קוֹנָה אָדוֹן לְעַצְמוֹ מַאי הִיא? אִיכָּא דְאָמְרִי: תּוֹלֶה נְכָסָיו בְּגוֹי. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: הַכּוֹתֵב נְכָסָיו לְבָנָיו בְּחַיָּיו. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: דְּבִישׁ לֵיהּ בְּהָא מָתָא וְלָא אָזֵיל לְמָתָא אַחֲרִיתִי.
The Gemara clarifies: One who acquires a master for himself, what is it? There are those who say that it is referring to one who attributes his property to a gentile. He falsely claims that his possessions belong to a gentile in order to evade his obligations, thereby inviting the gentile to take advantage of this declaration. And there are those who say that it is referring to one who writes a document bequeathing his property as a gift to his children in his lifetime, as he becomes financially dependent on them. And there are those who say that it is referring to one who has bad fortune in this town but does not go to a different town. He is consequently responsible for his own misfortunes.
הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ אֵיזֶהוּ נֶשֶׁךְ
MISHNA: With regard to one who hires artisans or laborers, and they deceived one another, they have nothing but a grievance against one another, and they have no financial claim against the deceptive party. If one hired a donkey driver or a potter to bring posts [piryafarin] for a canopy or flutes to play in honor of a bride or the dead, or if he hired laborers to bring up his flax from the retting tub, i.e., the container of water in which flax is placed in the first stage of the manufacture of linen, and likewise any matter that involves financial loss if not performed on time and the laborers reneged, if this occurred in a place where there is no other person to perform the task, he may hire replacements for a large fee at the expense of the first workers, or deceive them to get them to return to work.
מַתְנִי׳ הַשּׂוֹכֵר אֶת הָאוּמָּנִין וְהִטְעוּ זֶה אֶת זֶה – אֵין לָהֶם זֶה עַל זֶה אֶלָּא תַּרְעוֹמֶת. שָׂכַר אֶת הַחַמָּר וְאֶת הַקַּדָּר לְהָבִיא פְּרִיָיפָרִין וַחֲלִילִים לַכַּלָּה אוֹ לַמֵּת, וּפוֹעֲלִין לְהַעֲלוֹת פִּשְׁתָּנוֹ מִן הַמִּשְׁרָה, וְכׇל דָּבָר שֶׁאָבֵד וְחָזְרוּ בָּהֶן, מָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין שָׁם אָדָם – שׂוֹכֵר עֲלֵיהֶן אוֹ מַטְעָן.
The mishna states a related halakha: With regard to one who hires artisans or laborers to perform work and they reneged on the agreement midway through the work, they are at a disadvantage. They must ensure that the employer does not suffer a loss.
הַשּׂוֹכֵר אֶת הָאוּמָּנִין וְחָזְרוּ בָּהֶן – יָדָם עַל הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה.